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TheAxMan said...
I don't know the specifics of Voyager's design, BUT:
Over distances like this both the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna have to have high directivity. To oversimplify, that means Voyager must transmit in the direction of earth, with as little scatter as possible. and the receivers on Earth have to be pointing at Voyager, and be very sensitive to signals in that direction, and very insensitive to signals from any other direction. It's a function of antenna design on both the transmitting and receiving ends.
Think of "scatter" in terms of light (it's just electromagnetic radiation after all). A light bulb scatters it's light all over the place, so it gets dimmer as you get further away from it. A laser sends all it's light in one single direction. If you look directly at it, all you see is a single point of light. If the laser is perfect, no matter how close or how far you are, the point will always be equally bright.
Perfect lasers don't exist of course, and antennas are much much (much much much) poorer at aligning radio waves, so it's still a pretty significant challenge.
I bought some batteries, but they weren't included... so I had to buy them again. What do batteries run on?
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Voyager spacecraft close to reaching interstellar space